![]() (B) Phase delay in the activity of RFS muscle synergies relative to the right foot touchdown for Sub1. (A) The example of the circular data for the main peak timings (Sub1 at 15 km/h). Timing of the main peaks of muscle synergy activity. Bars at the bottom of activation patterns represent the stance and swing phases in one cycle (white: stance phase, gray: swing phase, shaded: mean ± SD of liftoff or touchdown timing over cycles and speeds). Asterisks represent significant differences at p < 0.05. The red and green represent FFS and RFS, respectively. (B) The time-course activation patterns of muscles synergies in one cycle (mean over cycles and speeds ± SD). (A) The weightings for muscles in muscles synergies (mean over speeds ± SD). Typical example of muscle synergies extracted from FFS and RFS. The arrowhead below the color bar indicates significant similarity value ( r = 0.868, p = 0.05). (B) Cosine similarity between all possible combinations of muscle synergies extracted from Sub2. (A) Cosine similarity between all possible combinations of muscle synergies extracted from running at 15 km/h. Shown here are medial gastrocnemius (MG), lateral gastrocnemius (LG), soleus (Sol), tibialis anterior (TA), vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (long head, BF), tensor fascia latae (TFL), adductor longus (AL), gluteus medius (Gmed), gluteus maximus (Gmax), and erector spinae (ES) on the left and right sides.Ĭosine similarity between muscle synergies. The upside bars for FFS and the downside bars for RFS. Bars at the bottom of the waveforms represent the stance and swing phases in one cycle (white: stance phase, gray: swing phase, shaded: mean ± SD of liftoff or touchdown timing over cycles). Thus the dark green indicates the overlap between FFS and RFS. The activity in RFS was superimposed on the activity in FFS. Recorded electromyogram (EMG) activity was high-pass filtered (40 Hz), rectified, low-pass filtered (10 Hz), and time-interpolated (200 points). Muscle activity patterns for 24 muscles in FFS and RFS. Horizontal dotted gray lines represent 8.0° and -1.6°, respectively. Reds for FFS tasks and greens for RFS tasks. The histogram incudes all speed tasks for all subjects for fore-foot strike (FFS) (red bars) and rear-foot strike (RFS) (green bars).ĭiamonds and error bars represent mean FSAs and SDs over cycles. Histogram of the number of synergies determined by the variance accounted for (VAF) threshold criterion. ![]()
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